Mostafa Emadzadeh Department of Economics, University of Esfahan author text article 2020 per Education and Productivity پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 2 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_4509_bebec1a33adc053ee7613325a66c4a2a.pdf Aliakbar Gholizadeh Bualisina University author text article 2020 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 1 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_4582_975dedc2143316037412dfdb02de5732.pdf Mahnoush Abdollah Milani Theoretical Economics- Faculty of Economics- Allameh Tabataba'i University author text article 2020 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 2 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_4526_023f54fc145f5b4644dc2e5db899243e.pdf Aliakbar Arabmazar Shahid Beheshti University author text article 2020 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 4 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_5177_3538974c3183526e2518a4480a09edd9.pdf Sara Emamgholipour Department of Health economics & management, School of public health, Tehran university of medical sciences, Tehran, Iran author text article 2020 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 1 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_5396_19a1de4ea079824f912de0344c85d721.pdf Mahnoush Abdollah Milani Theoretical Economics- Faculty of Economics- Allameh Tabataba'i University author Solaleh Tavassoli Faculty of Economics- Allameh Tabataba'i University author text article 2020 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 2 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_4524_cb848daae81b696c4bcbc69cd8a9ffce.pdf hojjat izadkhasti Shahid Beheshti University author text article 2020 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 3 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_5027_6d2bf1383c52b710304376eaa10a15df.pdf Morteza Tahamipour Shahid Beheshti University author text article 2020 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 2 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_5109_d1bdd3fe57bea89018feffcec1582268.pdf Saeed Moshiri Alameh Tabatabaei University author Habib Morovat Alameh Tabatabaei University author text article 2020 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 3 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_4587_82649f0291fa23aba832de4fa639c12f.pdf mohsen ebrahimi General Economic Affairs,Economic Faculty,Kharazmi University,Tehran,Iran author text article 2020 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 2 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_5114_d3d416059095ab183a163071d9688081.pdf khosrow piraee Economics,Economics,Mazandaran,Babolsar,Iran. author text article 2020 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 2 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_5176_1366da425d6c23001f5b6bd27c0a2d16.pdf Rasoul Bidram Esfahan University author text article 2020 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 3 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_5219_67809ecc300d3a7782d7682e7c85bb21.pdf Sara Emamgholipour Department of Health economics & management, School of public health, Tehran university of medical sciences, Tehran, Iran author text article 2020 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 2 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_5180_f86e1d0383dd75d14743fe8e41190b10.pdf Aliakbar Gholizadeh Bualisina University author text article 2020 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 1 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_4529_766797f58b12a722d7bdc007212218b6.pdf Sara Emamgholipour Department of Health economics & management, School of public health, Tehran university of medical sciences, Tehran, Iran author text article 2020 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 1 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_5205_df3ec306ff6e6b3bf258b5a625150f1a.pdf Sara Emamgholipour Department of Health economics & management, School of public health, Tehran university of medical sciences, Tehran, Iran author text article 2020 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 2 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_5204_a60c407ee2258c5f5ad15f6cc92ff199.pdf Mahmood Sariolghalam shahid beheshti universty author text article 2020 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 3 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_4503_83d3c4f6d11bd9a2685eac09dbd7e3dc.pdf naser yarmohamadian urban economics, research excellence in art and entrepreneurship, art university of isfahan author text article 2020 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 1 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_4487_0ff9e9958cfa169d25155adb59249ada.pdf Morteza Tahamipour Shahid Beheshti University author text article 2020 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 3 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_5111_803fa2130c5a5c2db6d3d936673229de.pdf Kiumars Shahbazi Professor of Economics, Urmia University author Younes Brumand PhD Student, Urmia University author text article 2020 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 5 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_4842_57b992c2fad5bc6b5c4cfdf4b5d789dc.pdf Rasoul Bidram Esfahan University author text article 2020 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 1 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_5218_aebe1a94583bc98643b361a5785022f1.pdf naser yarmohamadian urban economics, research excellence in art and entrepreneurship, art university of isfahan author text article 2020 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 1 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_4488_bcec1c620e2e9816f46f9f52862dcf3a.pdf Hashem Zare Department of Economic, Faculty of Economic and Management, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University author text article 2020 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 2 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_5397_344c4a496da2fc2a714952205e66b82c.pdf Seyed Reza Miraskari University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran author text article 2020 per Macroeconomics is concerned with the behavior of the economy as a whole—with booms and recessions, the economy’s total output of goods and services, the growth of output, the rates of inflation and unemployment, the balance of payments, and exchange rates. Macroeconomics deals with both long-run economic growth and the short-run fluctuations that constitute the business cycle. Macroeconomics focuses on the economic behavior and policies that affect consumption and investment, the dollar and the trade balance, the determinants of changes in wages and prices, monetary and fiscal policies, the money stock, the federal budget, interest rates, and the national debt. In brief, macroeconomics deals with the major economic issues and problems of the day. To understand these issues, it is necessary to reduce the complicated details of the economy to manageable essentials. Those essentials lie in the interactions among the goods, labor, and assets markets of the economy and in the interactions among national economies that trade with each other. In dealing with the essentials, we go beyond details of the behavior of individual economic units, such as households and firms, or the determination of prices in particular markets, which are the subject matter of microeconomics. The Macroeconomics deals with the market for goods as a whole, treating all the markets for different goods—such as the markets for agricultural products and for medical services—as a single market. پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 6 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_4895_4af19fc07ab6cdbc3572c298d4d52682.pdf vida varahrami shahid beheshti university author text article 2020 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 2 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_4455_3be3d7bc0c886e1c1ba454bb61fe32d3.pdf Lotfali Agheli Economic Research Institute, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran author text article 2020 per In this paper, first, the distinction between housing and other commodities is expressed. Then, housing prices and housing prices are discussed. In the end, the Hedonic pricing method is introduced in the housing sector. پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 4 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_4499_98114f24333f8ce5cc121207cb3780ef.pdf ahmad googerdchian university of isfahan, faculty of administrative science and economics, department of economics author text article 2020 per - پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 4 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_4846_1ba0b0d080b4ccf3a8d63bf29c3339b7.pdf vida varahrami shahid beheshti university author text article 2020 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 1 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_4897_1d4660f6d2483be7003414ea2d96b204.pdf naser yarmohamadian urban economics, research excellence in art and entrepreneurship, art university of isfahan author text article 2020 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 2 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_4496_66157e73eabd828d83fd793d818c63b6.pdf Hosein Raghfar Alzahra University author text article 2020 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 4 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_5117_3bd5b952165d05317727f5687de0410a.pdf mohsen ebrahimi General Economic Affairs,Economic Faculty,Kharazmi University,Tehran,Iran author text article 2020 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 2 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_4553_72cc09415b849a9e507019a8521f6337.pdf Aliakbar Gholizadeh Bualisina University author text article 2020 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 1 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_4584_dfac4197a658b49b0395e34e93b3f661.pdf hasan ghalibafasl Faculty of Management, University of Al-Zahra author shaghayegh mahboubizade Faculty of Management, University of Al-Zahra author text article 2020 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 2 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_4902_36eb1b72027d4bc98e1c4650c7cee0d1.pdf Mani Motameni University of Mazandaran author text article 2020 per بازی پانزی در حالتی شکل‌ می‌گیرد که بدهی گذشته تنها با استقراض جدید تأمین مالی شود. از آنجایی که سود یا بهره به بدهی‌های گذشته اضافه می‌شود، میزان استقراض در هر دوره بیشتر و بیشتر می‌گردد. این بازی در کلاهبرداری‌های مالی مورد استفاده قرار گرفته است. فرض کنید شرکتی از یک نفر 100 واحد پول دریافت می‌کند و به او متعهد می‌شود که در هر دورة مالی 50 واحد سود به او بازگرداند. بنابراین شرکت در دورة بعد برای تامین مالی بدهی خود به 150 واحد پول نیاز خواهد داشت. در مرحلة بعد شرکت از دو نفر پول دریافت می‌کند. از 200 واحد پول بدست آمده، 150 واحد صرف رد دیون شده و 50 واحد هم سود این شرکت خواهد شد. به‌همین ترتیب در هر دوره شرکت نیازمند استقراض از افراد بیشتری خواهد بود تا بتواند بدهی خود را بپردازد. در حقیقت جریان مالی شرکت بر اساس هرمی از سرمایه‌گذاران یا طلبکاران بنا می‌شود. در هر سطحی از هرم، منابع گروه زیرین صرف تأمین مالی افرادی می‌شود که در سطح بالاتر هرم قرار دارند. این مثالی ساده از نحوة فعالیت شرکت‌های هرمی است. تا زمانی که جریان ورود منابع مالی جدید بزرگتر یا مساوی بدهی‌های قبلی باشد، فعالیت شرکت می‌تواند ادامه یابد. با کند شدن نرخ ورود سرمایه‌گذاران جدید، بازپرداخت بدهی ناممکن گشته و شرکت هرمی ورشکست می‌شود. یکی از معروف‌ترین این نوع کلاهبرداری‌ها در دهة 1920 توسط ریچارد پانزی شکل گرفت (Zuckoff، 2006). پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 2 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_5178_f2284508797459b2189b8518491220ed.pdf Asadolah Farzinvash university of Tehran author text article 2020 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 2 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_5240_625d25d614397cb927442f81017285fb.pdf Towhid Firoozan Sarnaghi Faculty member at Kharazmi University author text article 2020 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 1 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_4800_e57ddc07cd1119e759f487574ea3eecf.pdf hojjat izadkhasti Shahid Beheshti University author text article 2020 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 2 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_4843_3ae4a868e154d8a22ae5f92c9d2c6595.pdf Towhid Firoozan Sarnaghi Faculty member at Kharazmi University author text article 2020 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 1 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_4901_3d836d86018074912ba14c9a86985e99.pdf Towhid Firoozan Sarnaghi Faculty member at Kharazmi University author text article 2020 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 1 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_4802_d13869b2b723ae1672f1e9daee7ade4f.pdf Mohammad Hosein Pourkazemi Shahid Beheshti University author text article 2020 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 13 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_4511_d20c5e14d5c2cd48797055ec983ff683.pdf Majid Sameti Economic department/ faculty of administrative sciences and economic/ University of Isfahan. author text article 2020 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 1 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_4369_9a59c0f9e520f98d8177688dee312710.pdf Majid Sameti Economic department/ faculty of administrative sciences and economic/ University of Isfahan. author text article 2020 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 1 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_4368_aad17641e865737de767cacec6f089e0.pdf Aliakbar Arabmazar Shahid Beheshti University author text article 2021 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2021 1 4 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_5614_b48f9ecf13400e28766959c9d38f7cf7.pdf Mohammad Hosein Pourkazemi Shahid Beheshti University author text article 2020 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 10 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_4512_a810c2746cf63e28660a7753eec768b7.pdf Morteza Tahamipour Shahid Beheshti University author text article 2020 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 2 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_5026_d80aedd5c62735329865de3a57733708.pdf Kiumars Shahbazi Professor of Economics, Urmia University author text article 2020 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 3 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_4474_e53dc1690382704ffc889bff8094bd3c.pdf Mohammad Reza Hamidizadeh Business Administration Dept, Faculty of Management and Accounting, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran author text article 2020 per Operational research is an area of interdisciplinary science that provides the optimal answer by observing the patterns and position of the decision maker. The basis of this science is the modeling of the events that the decision-maker faces. Because decision-making is the most sensitive task of a person, signifying his or her successes and failures. Interpretive and proactive understanding of the problem of decision-making and the choice of solutions to it are always a challenge for decision makers. In order to select the optimal solution to the problem and achieve the results, steps to be take called the decision-making process. This process is dynamic, and its dynamics employs its mechanism with both interpretive and proactive aspects In proportion to the cycle of time and the reactive process. In interpretive dynamics, it describes how the decision-maker reacts to change and the process of reaction to the subject of the decision. However, without decision, neither action nor achievement will begin. The problem is that there is a gap between goals and actions, between expectations and realities, which challenges decision-making ability. The problem is as the demand side and decision-making as supply side, which form the decision-making requirements of the interaction of these two sectors. پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 3 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_4912_630dcd3e2d4189e7ee609c10e4d12ef7.pdf Mohammad Reza Hamidizadeh Business Administration Dept, Faculty of Management and Accounting, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran author text article 2020 per Path analysis is to identify the subject, determine the factors, hypothetical initial alignment, and test its meaningful relationships in accordance with the influential paths of the relationships. This technique based on regression analysis, which has a structural aspect with several dependent and independent variables. The researcher investigates the interaction of multiple variables with direct and indirect effects simultaneously by statistical mechanisms in path analysis. Therefore, multivariate models with K independent variable and n dependent variable are used. Path analysis consider as a theory-testing tool. Its first two inputs can be data and models to derive model-fitting outputs and estimate its parameters. پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 3 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_4913_fc00da47e5abd2a1cc55b027cd917944.pdf hojjat izadkhasti Shahid Beheshti University author text article 2020 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 2 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_4432_92a50be049253ee24a2de8380792c0e5.pdf mohsen ebrahimi General Economic Affairs,Economic Faculty,Kharazmi University,Tehran,Iran author text article 2020 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 2 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_4552_e89a93cc35ea8efad569f8b69e862d7d.pdf naser yarmohamadian urban economics, research excellence in art and entrepreneurship, art university of isfahan author text article 2020 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 2 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_4497_f0bb59d3885fdf404fd3e42fae4f441a.pdf Mahnoush Abdollah Milani Theoretical Economics- Faculty of Economics- Allameh Tabataba'i University author Solaleh Tavassoli Faculty of Economics- Allameh Tabataba'i University author text article 2020 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 1 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_4527_e1d53ffd555872c02a8677c09f1570ba.pdf Sara Emamgholipour Department of Health economics & management, School of public health, Tehran university of medical sciences, Tehran, Iran author text article 2021 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2021 1 2 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_5589_253ba0cd0975419c16859675b5c9a326.pdf Aliakbar Gholizadeh Bualisina University author text article 2020 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 1 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_4581_dd50389c8bc673040c50ef2206f6d2d6.pdf Kiumars Shahbazi Professor of Economics, Urmia University author text article 2020 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 2 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_4513_fa224f4af341bf9a0e4a0e9989d90749.pdf Lotfali Agheli Economic Research Institute, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran author text article 2020 per This article focuses on decentralization in the field of urban economics. Decentralization results from changes in population, employment and technology. In the process of decentralization, powers, responsibility and tasks are transferred from the centralized sector to private and non-governmental sectors. Its main purpose is to accelerate and to increase efficiency in public affairs. پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 2 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_4630_e01038f89508180e72a9eda52f5b654c.pdf Mahdieh Rezagholizadeh Mazandaran University author text article 2021 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2021 1 5 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_5617_88d1e272258aa1e6c70434e31a6c6a3f.pdf Kiumars Shahbazi Professor of Economics, Urmia University author text article 2020 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 3 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_4482_21abbf865f75d005eb41f04405103626.pdf Lotfali Agheli Economic Research Institute, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran author text article 2020 per In this paper,first, distribution, and density functions, and expected value are defined. Then, various discrete probability distributions including Bernoulli distribution and Poisson distribution are discussed. Finally, continuous probability distributions such normal distribution, chi-square distribution, F-distribution and t-student distribution, and log-normal distribution are explained. پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 11 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_4510_c01c4992eaa2026f5ae2dd0bc4a00f1e.pdf naser yarmohamadian urban economics, research excellence in art and entrepreneurship, art university of isfahan author text article 2020 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 1 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_4498_8064c649b04c37448c0548cf63fbf04e.pdf naser yarmohamadian urban economics, research excellence in art and entrepreneurship, art university of isfahan author text article 2021 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2021 1 3 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_5634_b068903088d8b0e921751f718728dcf0.pdf Rozita Moayedfar Department of Economics, Faculty of Administrative sciences and Economics, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran author text article 2020 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 3 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_5239_90d8cfbe470757ca7facc1ed95ba7c04.pdf Khadije Nasrollahi Ph.D. Economic Group Associate professor،, Faculty of Administrative Science and Economics, University of Isfahan, Esfahan, Iran, 031-37935239‌ kh.nasrollahi@ase.ui.ac.ir author text article 2020 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 5 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_4894_618e6ea146f2ab0e79e92d0f6d857a32.pdf naser yarmohamadian urban economics, research excellence in art and entrepreneurship, art university of isfahan author text article 2021 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2021 1 2 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_5632_fd26ce6025e4a640925b28d15d92564f.pdf ahmad googerdchian university of isfahan, faculty of administrative science and economics, department of economics author text article 2020 per - پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 2 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_4964_d23687ffbfae8f39956711c97ee9388d.pdf Aliakbar Gholizadeh Bualisina University author text article 2020 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 1 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_4585_753bc5e2e3fbbc3468a9c3dbcfd210e5.pdf Mojtaba Ghasemi Economic Law, Faculty of Law, Shahid Beheshti University author text article 2020 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 3 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_4903_0e769590da636a7c4521821a16c00bee.pdf Mojtaba Ghasemi Economic Law, Faculty of Law, Shahid Beheshti University author text article 2020 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 2 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_4904_a31bdff7306eb03178ae68d3c243b7d0.pdf Mojtaba Ghasemi Economic Law, Faculty of Law, Shahid Beheshti University author text article 2020 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 2 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_4905_11fd9d77179732c9a46eaa3962e95125.pdf hojjat izadkhasti Shahid Beheshti University author text article 2020 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 3 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_4963_5e3a40bcdc9083881689fdbc0367c3b1.pdf Nader Mehregan Professor, Department of Economics, Bu‐Ali Sina University, Iran author Younes Teimori mporg.ir author text article 2020 per Panel Data (Time Series- Cross Sectional Data) پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 3 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_5181_db2118b8c1d967fc76175061177bb3e3.pdf Ezatollah Abbasian Faculty of Management, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. author text article 2021 per Assets that have no value in themselves but derive their value from another asset are called financial assets. For example, stocks, bonds, or bank deposits are all financial assets or paper assets. Financial assets (as opposed to real assets) are classified as intangible assets (a company's share of a company's assets). Intangible assets are financed by the issuance of one of the types of financial assets in the form of capital instruments (property) or loan instruments (debt). پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2021 1 5 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_5621_90390e3317339610d822c6956c812695.pdf Seyed Reza Miraskari University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran author text article 2020 per Good accounting turns data into information. National income accounting is studied for two reasons. First, the national income accounts provide the formal structure for macrotheory models. Output is divided in two ways. On the production side, output is paid out to labor in the form of wages and to capital in the form of interest and dividends. On the demand side, output is consumed or invested for the future. The division of output into factor payments (wages, etc.) on the production side provides a framework for study of growth and aggregate supply. The division of income into consumption, investment, and so on, on the demand side provides the framework for studying aggregate demand. The input and output, or demand and production, accountings are necessarily equal in equilibrium. In addition to looking at real output, the national income accounts include measures of the overall price level. This provides a basis for discussions of inflation. The second reason for studying national income accounts is to learn a few ballpark numbers that help characterize the economy. While memorizing exact statistics is a waste of time, knowing rough magnitudes is vital for linking theory to the real world (Dornbusch,. et al., 2011). The rules of national income accounting include several important identities. An identity is an equation that must be true because of the way the variables in the equation are defined. Identities are useful to keep in mind, for they clarify how different variables are related to one another (Mankiw, 2004). پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 6 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_4896_0b4ea3663e6875e5cdbc32f50597dfb2.pdf khosrow piraee Economics,Economics,Mazandaran,Babolsar,Iran. author text article 2020 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 4 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_5217_3ec66cf542f049955e6eaba03f0c6bb7.pdf Aliakbar Gholizadeh Bualisina University author text article 2020 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 1 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_4594_cb67790ffbe4c00b0aaa88479431b30d.pdf samaneh abedi Assistant Professor, Faculty of Economics, Department of Energy, Agricultural and environmental Economics, Allameh Tabataba'i University author text article 2020 per ------- پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 4 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_4911_5b986e330d385099192dcece3ba424d4.pdf Amir Mansour Tehranchian Mazandaran University author text article 2020 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 1 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_5220_3ce0f4595a262fe5745d113d227e9bb7.pdf Mahnoush Abdollah Milani Theoretical Economics- Faculty of Economics- Allameh Tabataba'i University author Solaleh Tavassoli Faculty of Economics- Allameh Tabataba'i University author text article 2020 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 2 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_4525_30d87d007c0eb61f9a92bfc89247a0fe.pdf Mehdi Nejati Kerman Shahid Ba honar University author text article 2020 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 4 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_4856_87fde5d9a8aa8a1b2c87f269a68ab46a.pdf Aliakbar Gholizadeh Bualisina University author text article 2020 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 1 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_4583_ff903bda617057b5c5a28038445e2ab1.pdf Aliakbar Gholizadeh Bualisina University author text article 2020 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 1 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_4595_35447faea56c861a76c0d84461c0e2ae.pdf naser yarmohamadian urban economics, research excellence in art and entrepreneurship, art university of isfahan author text article 2021 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2021 1 1 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_5633_838894ee728675a95bf18e7b958e3582.pdf shaghayegh mahbo Graduate Student, Department of Management, Al-Zahra University author hasan ghalibafasl Associate Professor, Department of Management, Al-Zahra University author text article 2020 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 4 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_4959_2b42fe36b9a2e96444fb1f4964a089c7.pdf Nader Mehregan Department of Economics, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran. author Younes Teimori mporg.ir author text article 2020 per Industrial concentration is one of the most important concepts and characteristics of market structure that determines nature and extent of competition in an industry. If the issue of how is distribution of market power across geographic areas is concerned, problem of geographic concentration will be raised. But Also, If the issue of how is distribution of market power among firms in an industry is concerned, the problem of market concentration is raised. Here, selective of the indicators of market and geographic concentration measurement are presented: Herfindhal- Hirshman Market Concentration Index (H), Rothschild concentration index (R), Ellison- Glaeser Geographic Concentration Index (EG) and Iso - Concentration Curves (ICC). پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 3 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_4484_ddd5eab5aaeca0a92d6a325d40c5a440.pdf Kiumars Shahbazi Professor of Economics, Urmia University author text article 2020 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 3 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_4568_ade647a95accf8b2662d07c2d9eeb949.pdf samaneh abedi Assistant Professor, Faculty of Economics, Department of Energy, Agricultural and environmental Economics, Allameh Tabataba'i University author text article 2020 per شکست ساختاری زمانی اتفاق می‌ا‌فتد که پارامترهای مبنای یک رابطه، مقادیر مختلفی را در زیر مجموعه‌های مختلف داده‌ها اختیار کنند. به عبارت دیگر در اثر شکست ساختاری، مقادیر پارامترهای الگو در کل دوره زمانی یکسان نمی‌باشند. پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 3 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_4910_1454efbc5047d6a72bfe59cd27c240a6.pdf naser yarmohamadian urban economics, research excellence in art and entrepreneurship, art university of isfahan author text article 2020 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 2 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_4486_0cb4e3f588e7c97bf5dff0e0981cb4b3.pdf naser yarmohamadian urban economics, research excellence in art and entrepreneurship, art university of isfahan author text article 2020 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 1 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_4485_798faf9fcf3e9bbac497999f73011f88.pdf Seyyed Aqil Hoseiny Economics Department, Yasouj University author Mohammad Javad Sadeghi Imam Sadiq University author text article 2020 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 3 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_4857_64cddaae7d578704f527163994b7b744.pdf Nahid Pourrostami Assistant professor, South, East Asia and Oceania department, Vice - president of graduate studies and researches, Faculty of world studies, University of Tehran. author text article 2020 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 3 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_4502_569b5873720217a11dd2397c2e35dadc.pdf vida varahrami shahid beheshti university author text article 2020 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 1 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_4898_ed84274669ebc601dcc2980575dcf818.pdf Seyyed Aqil Hoseiny Economics Department, Yasouj University author Mojtaba Panahi Shiraz University author text article 2020 per بکارگیری ریاضیات در اقتصاد به متقدمینی از قبیل کورنو (سال 1838) و مارژینالیست‎هایی از قبیل والراس و جونز برمی‎گردد که زمینه‎ساز گذار از «اقتصاد سیاسی» (کلاسیکی و مارکسی) به «اقتصاد محض» (ریاضی) بودند (Derakhshan, 2014, 2017). اما قرائت فرمالیستی و صوری‎گرایانه از ریاضیات توسط فون نویمن و جرارد دبرو در علم اقتصاد گسترش یافت. پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 3 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_5179_b79188982a562052293fd21c70580cb4.pdf Ezatollah Abbasian Faculty of Management, Tehran University author text article 2020 per The mental discount factor is the rate at which people are currently selling their current value for future results. These rates vary from person to person depending on everyone's willingness to wait. In general, the person who values the present value more than the future has the highest mental discount compared to the person who values it more in the future. Many consumer decisions involve balancing costs and benefits over time. The discounted utility model describes the decision-making problem over time in which different utilities are weighed at different moments in time at the rate of mental time discount. پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 4 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_5619_9cb1dd592a428bee0e45bea841d0c1f4.pdf Aliakbar Gholizadeh Bualisina University author text article 2020 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 1 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_4530_d4694f2ea315604712f599c3e9bc4948.pdf Hosein Raghfar Alzahra University author text article 2020 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 3 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_5115_a0d864b45de2983c014ef9f91dbf4ebb.pdf Ezatollah Abbasian Faculty of management, Tehran University author text article 2021 per William F. Sharpe (1966) introduced the concept of what is now called the Sharpe ratio. Sharp first called it the Risk Reward before the concept was called the Sharp Coefficient by academics and financial activists. Sharp revised the idea a bit in 1994. In 1997, Franco Modigliani and his eldest daughter, Leah Modigliani, developed what is now called the Modigliani Risk Modified Performance Index. پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2021 1 4 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_5620_3d4c9d1d22845438e5c03a638daf6d1d.pdf Towhid Firoozan Sarnaghi Faculty member at Kharazmi University author text article 2020 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 1 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_4801_0a8a8bab00e90f0b67e1982d06c6f572.pdf Mahnoush Abdollah Milani Theoretical Economics- Faculty of Economics- Allameh Tabataba'i University author text article 2020 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 1 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_4528_d6de4b4b33901c18044bda7012207d75.pdf محمّد نوفرستی دانشکده اقتصاد دانشگاه شهید بهشتی author text article 2020 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 3 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_5203_a1213ee409e6186cbb01e33616976a76.pdf hasan ghalibafasl Faculty of Management, University of Al-Zahra author shaghayegh mahboubizadeh Graduate Student, Department of Management, Al-Zahra University author text article 2020 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 3 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_4965_70923b936bbdb65d7acede826380047e.pdf Hosein Raghfar Alzahra University author text article 2020 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 2 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_5112_3df0a3cf0c3b94165bb100456d3167e1.pdf Hosein Raghfar Alzahra University author text article 2020 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 6 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_5116_06f1348602f99e9f04d44e6efd4e48ae.pdf Asadolah Farzinvash university of Tehran author text article 2020 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 2 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_5241_f69f9d04f109d8c3c6ae37c3d7843bed.pdf Sara Emamgholipour Department of Health economics & management, School of public health, Tehran university of medical sciences, Tehran, Iran author text article 2021 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2021 1 2 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_5590_49f74270cd63a2ef59cec6cfceff2121.pdf vida varahrami shahid beheshti university author text article 2020 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 2 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_4631_aefeb4f1a9f999a3318437c873659d1b.pdf Kiumars Shahbazi Professor of Economics, Urmia University author text article 2020 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 3 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_4380_db4d1fc8a4ca79939c4d6d12a9d2ab96.pdf Kiumars Shahbazi Professor of Economics, Urmia University author text article 2020 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 2 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_4456_9894761d7f7c3ec5ae87c40071ede795.pdf Aliakbar Arabmazar Shahid Beheshti University author text article 2020 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 6 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_5394_35e12d8ab890e9110114090a93e1f9a9.pdf naser yarmohamadian urban economics, research excellence in art and entrepreneurship, art university of isfahan author text article 2021 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2021 1 1 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_5636_5d80f6a5dd539e085becc691a3768f34.pdf hojjat izadkhasti Shahid Beheshti University author text article 2020 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 2 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_4505_4e6c52dafb1ec44f37996ba68607e88d.pdf hojjat izadkhasti Shahid Beheshti University author text article 2020 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 1 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_4506_65f5d0257f1830c59e70c003f211a830.pdf Aliakbar Arabmazar Shahid Beheshti University author text article 2020 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 2 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_4593_72c0bd410217973439fe017c782b5e10.pdf hojjat izadkhasti Shahid Beheshti University author text article 2020 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 2 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_4430_a56cc8140bdd55eeb8c9a7c5b2eee6ca.pdf Reza Mohseni Faculty Member of Economics and Political Science, Shahid Beheshti University author text article 2020 per Financial Derivatives1 پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 2 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_4908_9f74cbecb7ae5a594f5f3c2d8f1a32d3.pdf Aliakbar Arabmazar Shahid Beheshti University author text article 2020 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 3 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_4907_e8c16c6a15e350d956e5e490632a1f74.pdf Mohammad Vaez Esfahan University author text article 2020 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 8 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_4858_69d56f4017c22c5ddb73a475ce0d490d.pdf hojjat izadkhasti Shahid Beheshti University author text article 2020 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 2 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_4429_33739cbff99c277a5b95013de3a23ba4.pdf Kiumars Shahbazi Professor of Economics, Urmia University author text article 2020 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 2 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_4514_552c239b6b7de81c7363f6384adab96c.pdf Hassan Sobhani Islamic Economics,Faculty of Economics,University of Tehran,Iran author text article 2020 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 2 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_4893_73fad62211d4582187683149e1cd0def.pdf Mehdi Nejati Kerman Shahid Ba honar University author text article 2020 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 2 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_4855_37624221c2d5d13924047ae97442461a.pdf gholamhosein assadi Shahid Beheshti University author text article 2020 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 2 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_4803_bd2dd8670c1e35992bb7e753e9169205.pdf Kiumars Shahbazi Professor of Economics, Urmia University author text article 2020 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 2 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_4483_10930c0b51c98aee9e6392ee3c099ac6.pdf Mohammad Nemati Emam Sadegh University author Mohammad Hoseein Bahmanpour Khalesi Emam Sadegh University author text article 2020 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 4 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_5242_2db317a897013c7c0b2a6aec574d4262.pdf Nahid Pourrostami Assistant professor, South, East Asia and Oceania department, Vice - president of graduate studies and researches, Faculty of world studies, University of Tehran. author text article 2020 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 5 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_5637_faf69e4a331131d23631ee289dbd1ae5.pdf yadollah dadgar Shahid Beheshti University author text article 2020 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 4 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_4844_6bdbe37e3f2ffb88140088d1f0d3c03c.pdf azadeh davoudi Head of group Economic Sector / Economic affairs Department - Ministry of Economic Affairs and Finance author text article 2020 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 4 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_5110_63ae9d412410a481e48bb3e1b57ce53e.pdf Seyyed Aqil Hoseiny Economics Department, Yasouj University author text article 2020 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 5 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_4845_4b6ca734e8292d2ef89bcd9def89e17e.pdf mohsen nazari Tehran University author text article 2020 per abs پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 2 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_5395_e51d0c82a10ae2597207dfbd325a1715.pdf Seyyed Aqil Hoseiny Economics Department, Yasouj University author text article 2020 per مقصود از مناقشه کمبریج (Cambridge Controversy) یا مناقشه سرمایه (Capital Controversy) سلسله‎ای از مباحثات نظری بر سر ماهیت و نقش سرمایه و مسائلی از قبیل امکان تجمیع کالاهای ناهمگن سرمایهای است که در دهه 50 تا 70 میلادی میان دانشگاه کمبریج انگلستان توسط اقتصاددانان پساکینزی از قبیل پیرو سرافا، جون رابینسون، پاسینتی، گارِگنانی، و هارکورت، و دانشگاه MIT واقع در کمبریج ماساچوست آمریکا به رهبری اقتصاددانان نئوکلاسیکی از قبیل پل ساموئلسن، رابرت سولو، و لوهاری درگرفت. پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 3 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_5113_6726cdff32747049631918cc8b61a444.pdf Mojtaba Ghasemi Economic Law, Faculty of Law, Shahid Beheshti University author text article 2020 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 3 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_4906_15c30ef09582797454f22ef0b71ad06d.pdf hojjat izadkhasti Shahid Beheshti University author text article 2020 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 2 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_4507_3bb6a56d3fc6b9a5243ead5b6c7665b4.pdf Ezatollah Abbasian Faculty of Management, University of Tehran, author text article 2021 per default to do so is defined as a failure to meet the legal obligations (or conditions) of a loan, for example, when a home buyer is unable to repay a mortgage or when a company or government is unable to repay a bond that has matured. Is repayment slow default occurred. پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2021 1 3 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_5618_da6527bd4e5f46fec71e910d1026e457.pdf Aliakbar Gholizadeh Bualisina University author text article 2020 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 1 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_4586_9b4715fe84bc5694a0246227848f18cf.pdf hojjat izadkhasti Shahid Beheshti University author text article 2020 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 2 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_4431_ba2ea26c18489d8772890d6404a43687.pdf Nahid Pourrostami Assistant professor, South, East Asia and Oceania department, Vice - president of graduate studies and researches, Faculty of world studies, University of Tehran. author text article 2020 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 6 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_4428_74ca3cda5c8da57d0478c412ed3b0ab9.pdf محمّد نوفرستی دانشکده اقتصاد دانشگاه شهید بهشتی author text article 2020 per پژوهشکده دانشنامه نگاری 3 v. 1 no. 2020 1 4 http://enceco.ihcs.ac.ir/article_4909_ac486bb3bc7c93732208b6882e952a11.pdf